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Titre: Le traitement des images

Auteurs: I. Bloch, Y. Gousseau, H. Maıtre, D. Matignon, B. Pesquet-Popescu, F. Schmitt, M. Sigelle, F. Tupin

Ecole/Université: Département TSI – Télécom-Paris

Résumé: On regroupe souvent sous le terme de prétraitement toutes les opérations qui sont appliquées aux images, indépendamment de leur usage futur, pour leur assurer une bonne qualité. Elles concernent donc essentiellement les corrections de contraste et la suppression du bruit. Cette pratique est souvent critiquée car l’expérience montre qu’il est toujours important d’adapter les traitements de plus bas niveau aux traitements plusélaborés et donc aux objectifs à long terme du projet, mais les prétraitements sont souvent appliqués dans des circonstances o`u l’on destine les images à de nombreuses applications différentes dont on ignore souvent les besoins exacts…

Extrait du sommaire:

1 Vision et perception 13
1.1 Anatomie du système visuel humain 13
1.1.1 L’oeil 13
1.1.2 Les voies optiques 14
1.1.3 Les aires supérieures de la vision 14
1.2 Comment percevons-nous les images ? 14
1.2.1 Comportement passif du système visuel 15
1.2.2 Comportement actif du système visuel 17
2 Propriétés statistiques des images 25
2.1 Introduction 25
2.1.1 Pourquoi étudier des propriétés statistiques 25
2.1.2 Quelles images 26
2.2 L’amplitude 26
2.2.1 Propriétés 26
2.2.2 Sensibilité aux modifications d’histogrammes 27
2.3 Les sauts de l’amplitude 28
2.4 La fonction d’auto-corrélation 29
2.4.1 ´A une dimension 29
2.4.2 En multi-dimensions 32
2.4.3 Le spectre de densité de puissance 33
2.5 Entropie 34
2.5.1 Entropie d’ordre 0 34
2.5.2 Entropie des sauts 35
2.5.3 Entropie d’ordre N 35
2.5.4 Entropie conditionnelle, redondance 36
2.5.5 Retour sur un paradoxe 36
2.6 Un modèle d’image 37
2.6.1 Processus de Markov Gauss 37
2.6.2 Mais.. 37
2.7 Critique de la démarche précédente 38
2.7.1 La stationnarité 38
2.7.2 La causalité 38
2.7.3 La mono-dimensionnalité 38
2.7.4 Vers un modèle complet d’image ? 39
3 L’échantillonnage des images, la représentation fractale 41
3.1 Les signaux monodimensionnels à bande limitée 41
3.1.1 ´ Echantillonnage du signal 42
3.1.2 Reconstruction du signal échantillonné à la fréquence de Nyquist 43
3.1.3 Reconstruction dans le cas de sur-échantillonnage 44
3.2 Signaux réels 44
3.2.1 Les limitations physiques du spectre 44
3.2.2 Filtrage du signal 45
3.3 L’extension en dimension 􀀀 46
3.4 Le modèle fractal 47
3.4.1 La dimension fractale 48
3.4.2 L’homothétie interne 50
3.4.3 Que faire de la théorie fractale ? 50
4 Représentations discrètes 55
4.1 Introduction 55
4.2 Pavages et maillages 56
4.2.1 Définitions et contraintes 56
4.2.2 Pavages plans réguliers 57
4.2.3 Pavages plans semi-réguliers 57
4.2.4 Dualité pavage / maillage 58
4.3 Topologie discrète 58
4.3.1 Quelques approches 58
4.3.2 Topologie à partir de la notion de voisinage élémentaire 60
4.3.3 Nombre d’Euler : un exemple de caractéristique topologique d’un objet 65
4.4 Représentations géométriques 67
4.4.1 Discrétisation d’une droite continue 68
4.4.2 Caractérisation d’un segment de droite discret 69
4.4.3 Droites analytiques discrètes 70
4.4.4 Cercles discrets 72
4.4.5 Pavage de Vorono¨ı et triangulation de Delaunay 74
4.5 Exemples de structures aléatoires 77
4.6 Fonction distance 78
4.6.1 Définition de distances discrètes 78
4.6.2 Exemples 78
4.6.3 Algorithmes de calcul 79
5 Restauration des images 81
5.1 Le filtrage inverse 81
5.1.1 Approche analytique 82
5.1.2 Approche algébrique 82
5.1.3 Discussion 83
5.1.4 Conclusions (provisoires) 85
5.2 Défauts singuliers et mal conditionnés 85
5.2.1 Défauts singuliers 85
5.2.2 Système mal conditionné 86
5.2.3 Décomposition en valeurs singulières 88
5.3 Restauration des signaux bidimensionnels 88
5.4 La restauration itérative 89
5.4.1 Méthode de Jacobi 90
5.4.2 Méthode de Gauss-Seidel 91
5.4.3 Méthode de plus grande pente 91
5.4.4 Méthode du gradient conjugué 91
5.4.5 Méthodes de projection (POCS) 92
5.5 L’estimation des défauts 92
5.5.1 Détermination par calibrage 93
5.5.2 Détermination statistique 93
5.6 Réduction des effets de bord 93
6 Morphologie mathématique 95
6.1 Introduction et préliminaires 95
6.2 Les quatre opérations 97
6.2.1 Notion d’élément structurant et cadre ensembliste 97
6.2.2 Erosion et dilatation binaires 98
6.2.3 Erosion et dilatation de fonctions 100
6.2.4 Ouverture et fermeture binaires 104
6.2.5 Ouverture et fermeture numériques 105
6.3 Cadre topologique 106
6.4 Cadre algébrique 108
6.4.1 Treillis 108
6.4.2 Erosion et dilatation algébriques, adjonctions 109
6.4.3 Lien avec les opérateurs morphologiques 109
6.4.4 Ouverture et fermeture algébriques 110
6.5 Cadre probabiliste 110
6.5.1 Ensembles fermés aléatoires 110
6.5.2 Un exemple : le schéma booléen 110
6.6 Applications de l’érosion et de la dilatation 111
6.6.1 Mesures 111
6.6.2 Erodé ultime 111
6.6.3 Rehaussement de contraste 112
6.6.4 Gradient morphologique 112
6.7 Applications de l’ouverture et de la fermeture 113
6.7.1 Filtres alternés séquentiels 113
6.7.2 Filtres auto-duaux 113
6.7.3 Chapeau haut-de-forme 114
6.7.4 Granulométries 115
6.7.5 Ouverture surfacique 115
6.7.6 Ouverture annulaire 116
6.8 Transformation en tout ou rien et opérateurs dérivés 116
6.8.1 Transformation en tout ou rien 116
6.8.2 Amincissement etépaississement 116
6.8.3 Squelette 117
6.8.4 Squelette discret 118
6.8.5 SKIZ 118
6.9 Géodésie 119
6.9.1 Distance géodésique et boules géodésiques 119
6.9.2 Opérations morphologiques géodésiques, reconstruction 120
6.9.3 Squelette géodésique par zones d’influence 121
6.10 Ligne de partage des eaux 121
6.10.1 Définition et propriétés 121
6.10.2 Applications en segmentation 122
6.11 Conclusion 123
7 Définition et simulation d’un champ de Markov 127
7.1 Définition et simulation d’un champ de Markov 127
7.1.1 Description de l’image 127
7.1.2 Modélisation probabiliste de l’image 128
7.1.3 Champs de Markov – Champs de Gibbs 129
7.1.4 Echantillonnage de MRF 131
7.1.5 Le recuit simulé 133
7.1.6 Quelques MRF fondamentaux 136
7.1.7 Applications : restauration et segmentation 137
7.2 Estimateurs dans un cadre markovien 141
7.2.1 Introduction 141
7.2.2 Modélisation bayésienne et fonction de cout 141
7.2.3 Estimateur MAP 143

Ondelettes et traitement du signal et d’image 49

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