Cours 38 | Sismique filtrage multidimensionnel – Cours

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Titre: Sismique filtrage multidimensionnel

Auteurs: Jérôme Mars

Ecole/Université: Ecole d’ingénieurs pour l’Eau, l’Energie l’Environnement (ENSE3)

Résumé: Ce cours est destiné aux élèves de troisième année de l’option SICOM (Signal, Image Communication et Multimédia). Cette option est commune aux deux écoles ENSE3 (Ecole d’ingénieurs pour l’Eau, l’Energie l’Environnement et PHELMA (Ecole d’ingénieurs pour le Physique, l’Electronique et les Matériaux) ainsi qu’au élèves de Master 2 Recherche « Terre Solide » de l’école doctorale « Terre Univers Environnement » de l’Université Joseph Fourier. Pour le rédiger je me suis d’une part largement inspiré d’ouvrages déjà existants citées ci-dessous et de l’expérience que j’ai pu acquérir dans le domaine de la séparation d’ondes des signaux géophysiques depuis une vingtaine d’années et des travaux menés au Laboratoire GIPSA-Lab notamment par les doctorants. Il est destiné à des élèves qui ont déjà une expérience en traitement du signal classique, et qui voudrait en savoir un peu plus sur ces fameux signaux géophysiques et multidimensionnels. Il est clair que certaines notions sont traitées superficiellement, mais j’ai toujours essayé de donner des points d’entrés bibliographiques dans la mesure du possible. A ce cours est associé un fichier power point contenant une centaine d’illustrations disponible.

Extrait du sommaire:

CHAPITRE 1 : INTRODUCTION 8
Un peu d’histoire : 8
CHAPITRE 2 : OUTILS ET DISPOSITIFS. 9
CHAPITRE 2 : OUTILS ET DISPOSITIFS. 10
LES SOURCES 10
Les sources sismiques en terrestre: 10
Les sources sismiques en marine: 11
LES CAPTEURS 12
Les géophones: 12
Les hydrophones: 13
La manipulation des streamers: 14
Les capteurs multicomposantes (OBS –OBC):. 14
LES TYPES DE CAMPAGNES 16
La sismique réflexion 16
Les dispositifs 17
Les collections 18
La sismique réfraction 18
La sismique de puits 20
Le profil sismique vertical 20
Le walkaway 21
La sismique de puits à puits 22
La diagraphie acoustique 22
Le radar 23
CHAPITRE 3 : RAPPELS SUCCINCT D’ACOUSTIQUE. 24
LES DIFFERENTS TYPES D’ONDES 24
Les ondes de compression 24
Les ondes de cisaillement 24
Les ondes converties 25
Les ondes de surface 26
Les ondes de Rayleigh 26
Les ondes de Stoneley 26
Les ondes de Love 26
Le ground roll 27
Les ondes de diffraction 27
Les multiples 28
Le bruit 28
CHAPITRE 4 : LE TRAITEMENT DES DONNEES SISMIQUES. 29
Pré traitement 29
PREMIERE PHASE : LES PRE-TRAITEMENTS. 29
L’édition 29
La récupération des amplitudes 29
Filtre en fréquence et en vitesse apparente 30
Déconvolution et démultiplication 30
Cours de sismique- Filtrage multidimensionnel 6
DEUXIEME PHASE : CORRECTIONS DIVERSES ET ANALYSE DE VITESSE 31
Zone altérée et corrections statiques 31
Analyse de vitesse et corrections dynamiques 31
TROISIEME PHASE : LES SOMMATIONS 32
QUATRIEME PHASE : MIGRATION ET INVERSION 32
Migration 33
Inversion 33
CINQUIEME PHASE : ESTIMATION DES ZONES RESERVOIRS 33
Indicateurs d’hydrocarbures 33
CHAPITRE 5 : SEPARATION D’ONDES ET AMELIORATION DU RSB. 36
Introduction 36
1. INTRODUCTION 36
2. LES METHODES A GABARIT 36
Filtre médian 36
Le filtre de polarisation 37
Le filtre de Wiener 39
Le filtre t-p (filtre de Radon) 41
Le filtre f-k 42
Les filtres en ondelette 44
Ondelette continue (Morlet) 44
Ondelette Discrète 47
3. LES METHODES MATRICIELLES 48
Séparation par SVD (Singular Value Decomposition) 49
Séparation par TKL 50
Séparation par SMF (Spectral Matrix filtering) 51
Estimation de la matrice spectrale 53
Conclusion 54
Extension de la SVD – ICA 55
Extension de la SVD à 3 dimensions 59
Matrices dépliantes 59
Rang d’un tableau 3D 60
Décomposition en valeurs singulières des tableaux 3D 60
Séparation d’espaces par la 3D-SVD 61
REFERENCES. 64
INDEX. 69

Ondelettes et traitement du signal et d’image 38

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